Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and librariesmany of which are provided by the GNU Project. Popular Linux distributions [18] [19] [20] include DebianFedora Linuxand Ubuntuwhich in itself has many different distributions and modifications, including Lubuntu and Xubuntu. Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether, or include a solution stack such as LAMP.

Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any purpose. Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture, but has since been ported to more platforms than по этой ссылке other operating system.

Linux also runs on embedded systemsi. Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration. The source code may be used, modified and distributed commercially or non-commercially by anyone under the terms of tutorial adobe flash professional cs6 bahasa indonesia free respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License GPL. The Linux kernel, for example, is licensed under the GPLv2, with a special exception for system callsas without the system call exception any program calling on the kernel would be considered a derivative and therefore the GPL would have to apply to that program.

The availability of a high-level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer platforms easier. As a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses. Onyx Systems began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in Later, Sun Microsystemsfounded as http://replace.me/9243.txt spin-off of a student project at Stanford Universityalso began selling Unix-based desktop workstations in While Sun workstations didn’t utilize commodity PC hardware like Linux was later developed for, it represented the first successful commercial attempt at distributing a primarily single-user microcomputer that ran a Unix operating system.

With Unix increasingly “locked in” as a proprietary product, the GNU Projectstarted in by Richard Stallmanhad the goal of creating a “complete Unix-compatible software system” composed entirely of free software. Work began in Http://replace.me/20616.txt the early s, many of the programs required in an operating system such as libraries, compilerstext editorsa command-line shelland a windowing system were completed, although low-level elements such as device driversdaemonsand the kernelcalled GNU Hurdwere stalled and incomplete.

Tanenbauma computer science professor, tutorial adobe flash professional cs6 bahasa indonesia free released in as a minimal Unix-like operating system targeted at students and others who wanted to learn operating system principles.

Although the complete source code of MINIX was freely available, the licensing terms prevented it from being free software until the licensing changed in April Linus Torvalds has stated on separate occasions that if the GNU kernel or BSD had been available at the timehe probably would not have created Linux. While attending the University of HelsinkiTorvalds enrolled in a Unix course in the fall of It was with this course that Torvalds first became exposed to Unix.

Inhe became curious about operating systems. Later, Linux matured and further Linux kernel development took place on Adobe photoshop 2015 free systems. Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention ” Freax “, a portmanteau of “free”, “freak”, and “x” as an allusion to Unix. During the start of his work on the system, some of the project’s makefiles included the name “Freax” for about half a year. Initially, Torvalds considered the name “Linux” but dismissed it as too egotistical.

To facilitate development, the files were uploaded to the FTP server ftp. Ari Lemmke, Torvalds’ coworker at the Helsinki University of Technology HUT tutorial adobe flash professional cs6 bahasa indonesia free was one of the volunteer administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that “Freax” was a good name, so he named the project “Linux” on жмите сюда server without жмите Torvalds.

Adoption of Linux in production environments, rather than being used only by hobbyists, started to take off first in the mids in the supercomputing community, where organizations such as NASA started to replace their increasingly expensive machines with clusters of inexpensive commodity computers running Linux.

Commercial use began when Dell and IBMfollowed by Hewlett-Packardstarted offering Linux support to escape Microsoft ‘s monopoly in the desktop operating system market. Today, Linux systems are used throughout computing, from embedded systems to virtually all supercomputers[31] [61] and have secured a place in server installations such as the popular LAMP application stack.

Use of Linux distributions in home and enterprise desktops has been growing. Linux’s greatest success in the consumer market is perhaps the mobile device market, with Android being the dominant operating system on smartphones and very popular on tablets and, more recently, on wearables.

Linux gaming is also on the rise with Valve showing its support for Linux and rolling out SteamOSits own gaming-oriented Linux distribution. Linux distributions have also gained popularity with various local and national governments, such as the federal government of Brazil.

Greg Kroah-Hartman is the lead maintainer for the Linux kernel and guides its development. These third-party components comprise a vast body of work and may include both kernel modules and user applications and libraries. Linux vendors and communities подробнее на этой странице and distribute the kernel, GNU components, and non-GNU components, with additional package management software in the form of Linux distributions.

Many open source developers agree that the Linux kernel was not designed but rather evolved through natural selection. Torvalds considers that although the design of Unix served as a scaffolding, “Linux grew with a lot of mutations — and tutorial adobe flash professional cs6 bahasa indonesia free the mutations were less than random, they were faster and more directed than alpha-particles in DNA. Посмотреть еще considers Linux’s revolutionary aspects to be social, not technical: before Linux, complex software was designed carefully by small groups, but “Linux evolved in a completely different way.

From tutorial adobe flash professional cs6 bahasa indonesia free the beginning, it was rather casually hacked on by huge numbers of volunteers coordinating only through the Internet.

Quality tutorial adobe flash professional cs6 bahasa indonesia free maintained not by rigid standards or autocracy but by the naively simple strategy of releasing every week and getting feedback from hundreds of users within days, creating a sort of rapid Darwinian selection on the mutations introduced by netflix on windows app. Such a system uses a monolithic kernelthe Linux kernelwhich handles process control, networking, access to the peripheralsand file systems.

Device drivers are either integrated directly with the kernel, or added as modules that are loaded while the system is running. The GNU userland is a key part of most systems based on the Linux kernel, with Android being the notable exception. The Project’s implementation of the C library works as a wrapper for the system calls of the Linux kernel necessary to the kernel-userspace interface, the toolchain is a broad collection of programming tools vital to Linux development including the compilers used to build the Linux kernel itselfand the coreutils implement many basic Unix tools.

The project also develops Basha popular CLI shell. Many other open-source software projects contribute to Linux systems. Installed components of a Linux system include the following: [78] [80].

The user interface tutorial adobe flash professional cs6 bahasa indonesia free, also known as the shellis either a command-line interface CLIa graphical user interface GUIor controls attached to the associated hardware, which is common for embedded systems.

For desktop systems, the default user interface is usually graphical, although the CLI is commonly available through terminal emulator windows or on a separate virtual console. CLI shells are text-based user interfaces, which use text for both input and output.

Most low-level Linux components, including various parts of the userlanduse the CLI exclusively. The CLI is particularly suited for automation of repetitive or delayed tasks and provides very simple inter-process communication. Most popular user interfaces are based on the X Window Systemoften simply called “X”.

It provides network transparency and permits a graphical application running on one system to be displayed on another where a user tutorial adobe flash professional cs6 bahasa indonesia free interact with the application; however, certain extensions of the X Window System are not capable of working over the network. Org Serverbeing по этому сообщению most popular.

Server distributions might provide a command-line interface for developers ссылка на страницу administrators, but provide a custom interface towards end-users, designed for the use-case of the system.

This custom interface is accessed through a client that resides on tutorial adobe flash professional cs6 bahasa indonesia free system, not necessarily Linux based. Several types of window managers exist for X11, including tilingdynamicstacking and compositing. Window managers provide means to control the placement and appearance of individual application windows, and interact with the X Window System. Simpler X window managers such as dwmratpoisoni3wmor herbstluftwm provide a minimalist functionality, while more elaborate window managers such as FVWMEnlightenment or Window Maker provide more features such as a built-in taskbar and themesbut are still lightweight when compared to desktop environments.

Wayland is a display server protocol intended as a replacement for the X11 protocol; as of [update]it has not received wider adoption. Unlike X11, Wayland does not need an external window manager and compositing manager. Therefore, a Wayland compositor takes the role of the display server, window manager and compositing manager. Enlightenment has already been successfully ported since version Due to the complexity and diversity of different devices, and due to the large number of formats and standards handled by those APIs, this infrastructure needs best vpn pc free evolve to better fit other devices.

Also, a good userspace device library is the key of the success for having userspace applications to be able to work with all formats supported by those devices. The primary difference between Linux and many other popular contemporary operating systems is that the Linux kernel and other components are free and open-source software.

Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is by far the most widely used. Linux-based distributions are intended by developers for interoperability with other operating systems and established computing standards.

Free software projects, although developed through collaborationare often produced independently of each other. The fact that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, however, provides a basis for larger-scale projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the form of a Linux distribution.

Many Linux distributions tutorial adobe flash professional cs6 bahasa indonesia free a remote collection of system software and application software packages available посмотреть еще download and installation through a network tutorial adobe flash professional cs6 bahasa indonesia free. This allows users to adapt the operating system to their specific needs.

Distributions are maintained by individuals, loose-knit teams, volunteer organizations, and commercial entities. A distribution is responsible for the default configuration of the installed Linux kernel, general system security, and more generally integration of the http://replace.me/6423.txt software packages into a coherent whole. Distributions typically use a package manager such as aptyumzypperpacman or portage to install, remove, and update all of a system’s software from one central location.

A distribution is largely driven by its developer and user communities. Some vendors develop and fund their distributions on a volunteer windows server 2012 datacenter downgrade rights free, Debian взято отсюда a well-known example.

In many cities tutorial adobe flash professional cs6 bahasa indonesia free regions, local associations known as Linux User Groups LUGs seek to promote their preferred distribution and by extension free software. They hold meetings and provide free demonstrations, training, technical support, and operating system installation to new users. Many Internet communities also provide support to Linux users and developers.

Online forums are another means for support, with notable examples being LinuxQuestions. Linux distributions host mailing lists ; commonly there will be a specific topic such as usage or development for a given list.

There are several technology websites with a Linux focus. Print magazines on Linux often bundle cover disks that carry software or even complete Linux distributions.

Iexplorer 4 serial number free Linux distributions are generally available without charge, several large corporations sell, support, and по этому адресу to the development of the components of the system and of free software. The free software licenseson which the various software packages of a distribution built on the Linux kernel are based, explicitly accommodate and encourage commercialization; the relationship between a Linux distribution as a whole and individual vendors may be seen as symbiotic.

One common business model of commercial suppliers is charging for support, especially for что flatten pdf adobe acrobat x pro free download деньгами users. A number tutorial adobe flash professional cs6 bahasa indonesia free companies also offer a specialized business version of their distribution, which adds proprietary support tutorial adobe flash professional cs6 bahasa indonesia free and tools to administer higher numbers of installations or to simplify administrative tasks.

Another business model is to give away the software to sell hardware. As computer hardware standardized throughout the s, it became more difficult for hardware manufacturers to profit tutorial adobe flash professional cs6 bahasa indonesia free this tactic, as the OS would run on any manufacturer’s computer that shared the взято отсюда architecture.

Fighter game combat pc download air programming languages support Linux either directly or through third-party community based ports.

First released inthe LLVM project provides an alternative cross-platform open-source compiler for many languages. A common feature of Unix-like systems, Linux includes traditional specific-purpose programming languages targeted at scriptingtext processing and system tutorial adobe flash professional cs6 bahasa indonesia free and management in general. Linux distributions support shell scriptsawksed and make.

Tutorial adobe flash professional cs6 bahasa indonesia free.Adobe Animate

YouTube is an American online video sharing and social media platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. It is currently owned by Google , and is the second most visited website, after Google Search.

YouTube has more than 2. It also offers YouTube Premium , a paid subscription option for watching content without ads. YouTube also approved creators to participate in Google’s AdSense program, which seeks to generate more revenue for both parties. Since its purchase by Google, YouTube has expanded beyond the core website into mobile apps , network television, and the ability to link with other platforms. Video categories on YouTube include music videos , video clips , news , short films , feature films , documentaries , audio recordings, movie trailers , teasers , live streams , vlogs , and more.

Most content is generated by individuals , including collaborations between YouTubers and corporate sponsors. Established media corporations such as Disney , Paramount , and Warner Bros. Discovery have also created and expanded their corporate YouTube channels to advertise to a larger audience. YouTube has had an unprecedented social impact , influencing popular culture, internet trends, and creating multimillionaire celebrities.

Despite all its growth and success, YouTube has been widely criticized. Criticism of YouTube includes the website being used to facilitate the spread of misinformation , copyright issues , routine violations of its users’ privacy , enabling censorship , and endangering child safety and wellbeing. According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of , after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen’s apartment in San Francisco.

Karim did not attend the party and denied that it had occurred, but Chen remarked that the idea that YouTube was founded after a dinner party “was probably very strengthened by marketing ideas around creating a story that was very digestible”. Karim could not easily find video clips of the incident and the Indian Ocean Tsunami online, which led to the idea of a video sharing site.

YouTube began as a venture capital —funded technology startup. Contrary to popular belief, YouTube was not the first video-sharing site on the Internet; Vimeo was launched in November , though that site remained a side project of its developers from CollegeHumor at the time and did not grow much, either. Besides helping to bolster ratings and long-term viewership for Saturday Night Live , “Lazy Sunday”‘s status as an early viral video helped establish YouTube as an important website.

The choice of the name www. Universal Tube subsequently changed its website to www. The company experienced rapid growth. The Daily Telegraph wrote that in , YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in During this time, the company also went through some organizational changes. In December , YouTube partnered with Vevo.

The complex has 51, square metres , square feet of space and can house up to 2, employees. Through this period, YouTube tried several new ways to generate revenue beyond advertisements. In , YouTube launched a pilot program for content providers to offer premium, subscription-based channels within the platform.

YouTube also released YouTube Music , a third app oriented towards streaming and discovering the music content hosted on the YouTube platform. The company also attempted to create products to appeal to specific kinds of viewers.

YouTube released a mobile app known as YouTube Kids in , designed to provide an experience optimized for children. It features a simplified user interface, curated selections of channels featuring age-appropriate content, and parental control features.

The company was attacked on April 3, , when a shooting occurred at YouTube’s headquarters in San Bruno, California, which wounded four and resulted in one death the shooter. By February , one billion hours of YouTube were watched every day, and hours of video were uploaded every minute. During this period, YouTube entered disputes with other tech companies.

For over a year, in and , there was no YouTube app available for Amazon Fire products. After testing earlier in , YouTube removed public display of dislike counts on videos in November , claiming the reason for the removal was, based on its internal research, that users often used the dislike feature as a form of cyberbullying and brigading. Some theorized the removal of dislikes was influenced by YouTube Rewind , which was heavily panned and became the most-disliked video on the platform.

The process breaks when the platform interferes with it. Then, the platform invariably declines. YouTube primarily uses the VP9 and H. At launch in , viewing YouTube videos on a personal computer required the Adobe Flash Player plug-in to be installed in the browser. The platform can serve videos at optionally lower resolution levels starting at p for smoothening playback in areas and countries with limited Internet speeds , improving compatibility, as well as for the preservation of limited cellular data plans.

The resolution setting can be adjusted automatically based on detected connection speed, as well as be set manually. From to , users could add “annotations” to their videos—such as pop-up text messages and hyperlinks, which allowed for interactive videos.

By all annotations had been removed from videos, breaking some videos which depended on the feature. YouTube introduced standardized widgets intended to replace annotations in a cross-platform manner, including “end screens” a customizable array of thumbnails for specified videos displayed near the end of the video. All YouTube users can upload videos up to 15 minutes each in duration.

Users can verify their account, normally through a mobile phone, to gain the ability to upload videos up to 12 hours in length, as well as produce live streams. YouTube also offers manual closed captioning as part of its creator studio.

Some intermediate video formats i. In , YouTube added a feature called Premiere which displays a notification to the user mentioning when the video will be available for the first time, like for a live stream but with a prerecorded video. When the scheduled time arrives, the video is aired as a live broadcast with a two-minute countdown. Optionally, a premiere can be initiated immediately.

At the time of the p launch, the YouTube player was changed from a aspect ratio to a widescreen In November , p HD support was added. In June , YouTube began to deploy support for high-frame-rate videos up to 60 frames per second as opposed to 30 before , becoming available for user uploads in October. YouTube stated that this would enhance “motion-intensive” videos, such as video game footage.

YouTube videos are available in a range of quality levels. Viewers only indirectly influence the video quality. In the mobile apps, users choose between “Auto”, which adjusts resolution based on the internet connection, “High Picture Quality” which will prioritize playing high-quality video, “Data saver” which will sacrifice video quality in favor of low data usage and “Advanced” which lets the user choose a stream resolution. Since , viewers have had the ability to watch 3D videos.

In certain cases, YouTube allows the uploader to upgrade the quality of videos uploaded a long time ago in poor quality. One such partnership with Universal Music Group included remasters of 1, music videos. YouTube carried out early experiments with live streaming , including a concert by U2 in , and a question-and-answer session with US President Barack Obama in February The creation of live streams was initially limited to select partners.

In May , creation of live streams was opened to verified users with at least 1, subscribers; in August of the same year the number was reduced to subscribers, [] and in December the limit was removed. Live streaming via mobile was initially restricted to users with at least 10, subscribers, [] but as of mid it has been reduced to subscribers. On September 13, , YouTube launched a public beta of Community, a social media -based feature that allows users to post text, images including GIFs , live videos and others in a separate “Community” tab on their channel.

After the feature has been officially released, the community post feature gets activated automatically for every channel that passes a specific threshold of subscriber counts or already has more subscribers. This threshold was lowered over time [ when? Channels that the community tab becomes enabled for, get their channel discussions the name before March “One channel layout” redesign finalization: “channel comments” permanently erased, instead of co-existing or migrating.

Most videos enable users to leave comments, and these have attracted attention for the negative aspects of both their form and content. In , Time praised Web 2. Some of the comments on YouTube make you weep for the future of humanity just for the spelling alone, never mind the obscenity and the naked hatred”. Juvenile, aggressive, misspelt, sexist , homophobic , swinging from raging at the contents of a video to providing a pointlessly detailed description followed by a LOL , YouTube comments are a hotbed of infantile debate and unashamed ignorance—with the occasional burst of wit shining through.

The Daily Telegraph commented in September , that YouTube was “notorious” for “some of the most confrontational and ill-formed comment exchanges on the internet”, and reported on YouTube Comment Snob, “a new piece of software that blocks rude and illiterate posts”. The stated motivation for the change was giving creators more power to moderate and block comments, thereby addressing frequent criticisms of their quality and tone.

In the same article Melvin goes on to say: []. Perhaps user complaints are justified, but the idea of revamping the old system isn’t so bad. Think of the crude, misogynistic and racially-charged mudslinging that has transpired over the last eight years on YouTube without any discernible moderation. Isn’t any attempt to curb unidentified libelers worth a shot?

The system is far from perfect, but Google should be lauded for trying to alleviate some of the damage caused by irate YouTubers hiding behind animosity and anonymity. They can also allow other users to moderate their comments.

In December , it was reported that YouTube would launch a new feature that will warn users who post a comment that “may be offensive to others. YouTube offers users the ability to view its videos on web pages outside their website. Users wishing to post a video discussing, inspired by, or related to another user’s video can make a “video response”. The eleven character YouTube video identifier 64 possible characters used in each position , allows for a theoretical maximum of 64 11 or around YouTube announced that it would remove video responses for being an underused feature on August 27, In February , YouTube announced a test service, allowing some partners to offer video downloads for free or for a fee paid through Google Checkout.

Since July , it has been possible to select a Creative Commons attribution license as the default, allowing other users to reuse and remix the material.

Most modern smartphones are capable of accessing YouTube videos, either within an application or through an optimized website. Since June , YouTube’s videos have been available for viewing on a range of Apple products. This required YouTube’s content to be transcoded into Apple’s preferred video standard, H. The mobile version of the site was relaunched based on HTML5 in July , avoiding the need to use Adobe Flash Player and optimized for use with touch screen controls.

In September , YouTube launched its first app for the iPhone, following the decision to drop YouTube as one of the preloaded apps in the iPhone 5 and iOS 6 operating system. In January , YouTube launched “YouTube for TV”, a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the PlayStation 3 and Wii video game consoles. During the month of June that same year, YouTube XL was introduced, which has a simplified interface designed for viewing on a standard television screen.

On November 15, , Google launched an official app for the Wii, allowing users to watch YouTube videos from the Wii channel.