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Verified Purchase. These are handy to have for homework and learning or for a test if you have an open book type. They typically are not deep in their subject but will give you the basic reference and more to refresh your memory or get you started.

One person found this helpful. Great for a handy desk cheat sheet! Has many of those once in a while used items that you don’t always remember. It is also a great tool when upgrading to the software as the layout has changed slightly. This Quick Reference Guide is a helpful quick guide. I keep it by my PC as my first reference guide. I hope in the future that the font size is enlarged.

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A consistent browser implementation will make life so much easier for creating layouts. Nice tutorial. Has anything changed this this tutorial was published? Autoprefixer does a great job of writing in the latest syntax and handling the fallbacks. Great article. I found it helpful to see what is coming along the horizon. I have always wondered why a good layout system has been missing from CSS.

Better late than never I guess. I look forward to using this on touch devices with webkit. Having trouble with 2 flexboxes aligned horizontally when one is set in column flow and the other in column-reverse flow. See pen: Flexbox Alignment Sample.

This solution does not work in IE11 if the child element has no defined height, for example, if the height is determined by the content. I messed with this a bit today. If I code it literally copy it from what you have here to CodePen it runs as yours did. If, however, I try that on JSFiddle where I normally mess around the colors come out in a straight line only. Seems that this only works without jQuery and for whatever reason only on CodePen.

Would you happen to know how I could code in a horizontal split like they have on Code Pen that separates the top of the window and the bottom of the window and moves fluidly when the bar is moved, with flexbox framework?

Any help would be appreciated, thanks! Flexbox does make the situation easier though. Basically if the flex items have flex: 1; they will fill the area, so you just resize one of them to a specific height or width and the other will fill the remaining space.

So no math. Do you know of any working examples of jQuery UI Draggable for a horizontal split pane? Using this:. I found this article confusing. Perhaps not the best place to ask, but I am struggling with making a responsive flexbox fluid layout. What I want is 3 breakpoints like this: 1 3 rows containers vertical, small screen 2 2 columns, 2 rows medium screen 3 3 columns large screen 1 en 3 are easy, I just change the flex-direction from column to row.

But how about 2? So basically it must look like:. Gonna answer my own question. The reason I could not get it to work is because IE11 does not like a max-width to be set on any flex-item. If you do, it wrongly calculates the space around or between the items.

Evert, I just ran into that same issue! Great article, thanks. Regarding the the browser support table, I think that IE11 may have full support of the specification.

Does using flexbox responsibly meaning coding the site via flexbox and usual css positioning methods as a fall back for browsers who dont support flexbox, coding the layout twice? Just thinking workflow wise…. Thanks Chris! This is an excellent Flexbox reference. Flexbox is a thing of beauty! So in order to prevent that we could set max-width on the flex container, but that cancels out the centering for some reason and the page flushes left.

So the only other possibility is to set a max-width on one or more flex-items…but those will break in IE11 because of some bug. In short: flexbox will only work practically when using the full screen width and not limiting any flexible item with a max-width. As soon as you want to set a limit to any item, it falls apart. This really annoyed me and was broken for a bit, so I wanted to share in case anyone ever comes across this in the future.

Also, very important. It breaks it for some reason. I hope this helps someone! I hope this helps! Chris, this example does not work in IE Those are deprecated properties.

Also best in practice to let a tool like Autoprefixer deal with inserting those older properties for you when needed. Amazing writeup and excellently explained, you saved me fairly a LOT of time I would off spent learning all this combining all the broken and outdated articles over the web 😀 thank you so much! This is a great article. But still a very good and informative article. Is there a way to specify a minimum for inter-elements spacing when using flex-wrap: wrap;?

To add spacing, use margin-right and margin-bottom. Give the container the same, but negative margin to still use the full width. I get how to center the flex items themselves, but how would you center the container itself?

And is that something one would even want to do? Hi Chris! Very nice article! I had bookmarked the article before and have come back to it today as a reference. Really like the re-haul, makes it even more useful! Cheers to you, Chris. Great work on the updated format! Ry, good point. I happen to use Autoprefixer, which added this IE-specific property name in for me. I love all that can be done with the flex box model, now only if all the browser could support it the same way!

Thanks so much for updating this post — by far the easiest-to-understand guide to flexbox ever written. I created a flex box and arranhed the items in it in a column layout. Is there an easy way to center everything in a container box when arranging elements as columns?

Hope this makes sense. If you flow the elements by column vertically , the justify-content: center will really display the elements in the center bit of the flex box vertically, i,e, some space at the top, then your elements, then some space at the bottom. What you wanted is for each element to center align horizontally, which you can probably achieve by using text-align property. Thanks for getting back to me so quickly.

Does Compass support flex box? I see that they have what seems to be the old version of flex box in the documentation. But then on codepen. Like include display-flex?

Bit of a long shot here, but do any Email clients support Flex box..? Would be useful in HTML emailers to rearrange the order of elements. Really frustrating…. You have obviously given a lot of thought to how to present this information as clearly as possible.

Outstanding work — thanks. How do you all know what works in which browser version? Where is flexbox standing now for support? Hi, I was wondering if anyone could help me out with a flexbox problem. This kinda works, but there is a big gap between the five divs across the top of the page and the sixth div below them.

I need to know how to get rid of the gap. Here is the Codepen:. If you have time, I was hoping you might be able to elaborate on the second one a little. Time for bed in the UK though. It doesnt look good in safari, even doesnt look anyhow. I gave up on Safari. Not supporting it on my sites. Inside this container I have 3 divs. I want last one footer to be always at the bottom of this page. Is this possible to do?

I know it is of course ; but I want to use only flex-box model. Ok, i got it, there was no question xD Sorry. Thanks anyway! This is best place to learn CSS Tricks. Great post man. My requirement is need to alignment support all browser without use Javascript. But IE browser some different its will came.

If any possible on that particular IE alignment modification style-sheet. I am working with flexbox on a few different projects now and love it. Only downside is all the prefixes that you need. For my projects I made a less mixin stylesheet that has been tested and works in the most recent browsers latest version Hoping to help some more people out I put it on my github, so if you want a little help getting started you can grab it there github.

Wanted to spread the word, since there seems to be some confusion around this property flying around in the wake of Firefox previously not having supported it. Could anyone help me with this? I was wroten some code reading article. Want to have this:. Try to open this i want to display in this way.

But now block number four is moved to center and on the bottom of block number two whole layout. I want to get it on the right side of the block number two, but below of the block number three.

Inside this container, I have two items. A content area and a footer. I want the footer to have a set height of 52px and I want the content region to automatically fill the rest of the empty space. I want to be able to infinitely expand the browser window and always have my content area fill the empty space and I never want the footer to change size. I started on an idea for HTML as a presentation format using flex.

Can someone point me to a tutorial or demo of using iframe within a flexbox container. Alternatively is there an easy solution you could give me here.

I believe there is no better place on the web to start learning about flex. Thank you for your work. Any comments on how valid the above article is.

If it is valid is there are work around to still using flex-box for page layout without the performace hit? I kind of agree with the article. The flexbox is more suitable for dynamic content think about displaying a random amount of images of a random size , where the grid layout is preferable for known content areas.

Both can adjust for the screensize, but are optimized for different applications. The specification says flex: auto is flex: 1 1 main-size , to be distinguished from flex: 1 1 auto.

This is currently under discussion, like it says in the big red box there. The shorthand resets things in appropriate ways, and will therefore result in fewer cascading errors. Please use the shorthand! Maybe this will help others to visualize it this way also. Question: why do you have Applies to: parent flex container element only next to flex-flow? There is currently a crippling bug in Firefox that makes any non-trivial implementation of flex unfeasible.

Thanks for the article, helped me a great deal bringing my LESS-implementation and Bower package up to date! I would apreciate any help. Thanks in advance. Kudos for taking the time to make this super intuitive. This is going to be an amazing feature right now. Sean Fiorritto sp? So I was wandering, is there a good way of making the child elements of the flex grid not automatically span to the full width of the page.

Only specifying widths every time is not very effective. No one should have to add a width: 1px; to every element within if they want it to behave properly. Tons of love to Flexbox which just saved my weekend.

I just had to redo an entire page which used to use an HTML table to present a matrix. In other words, I had to go from row-major format to column-major format. So I used Flexbox to lay out the columns in left-to-right row direction, and then lay out each child in each row in top-to-bottom column direction. Great work man….. Who has the option to design for only the most of modern browsers. Let me know when you can shiv it back to ie9.

Adding flex-wrap:wrap; flex-direction: row; or just flex-flow: row wrap; works though. I write css for the screens resolution. Got a container and 3 columns in it. Used this tutorial and it worked great in FF and Chrome, but in Opera it does not. Col 1 and 2 are fully apart and the 3rd column is under the 1st. Just to mention I am new here i mean webdesign. That is the whole point of Flexboxes.

Try getting rid of the float declarations and playing around some more…. Also, keep in mind that every set of flex items needs a flex container. Nesting flex boxes is how you keep consistency across browsers but it can get really confusing really quick. Especially when you get like 8 levels deep. You also are probably missing LOTS of vendor prefixes to get it working properly across all browsers.

For instance, you might want to take a look at the classes that I use in my projects to see what you are missing. I find a difference between resizing my laptop monitor and actually viewing it on other devices. Any advice would be greatly appreciated…. In Safari and Chrome, the contents do not fit perfectly in the browser window, and the footer div tag is not visible at all.

I noticed when declaring flex property for parent that hold some elements for example ul is flex, li are flex items they are inline or inline-block , when I set to some list item margin-right:auto, it push all other elements to the edge of the parent container? Thanks, as always, for a very informative post. It really fast-tracked my understanding of using the flexbox model. One of the hardest things to wrap my head around was the flex-grow, flex-shrink and flex-basis properties.

Not so much the concept of what they were, but how the actual values played out. This was not the case. It was always greater than 2 times. The grow and shrink values have nothing to do with each other. But the piece that was eluding me, and causing the actual width values to not follow this ratio, is that the ratio is based on the amount that the containers have grown past the basis width or under the base width for flex-shrink.

That being said, the key is that if you subtract the basis width from each item width, then the remaining width will follow the ratio. Behavior of the last two changes depending of flex-direction. Article says it should be independent. Imagine we have a right-aligned navigation on the very top of our website, but we want it to be centered on medium-sized screens and single-columned on small devices.

Alignment was all wonky. Initially I thought this was super helpful. And if so, should there be a note accompanying that image? Firefox and IE are not. These css are like readymade ui-bootstrap components or angular itself. They work off-the-shelf. Web-pages development are becoming breezy now, given most of the common burden is taken by the framework.

Love it, thanks! What bothers me, is if you use either flex-direction: row; or flex-direction: column; It dictates what property you use to center objects horizontally. I think align-items and justify-content got mixed up in the example shared.

Also, you the container article is missing a height, which ends up in confusing the result of applying align-items and justify-content as the same in that special case. Another great article! Using this page as a guide and reference, I created a web-app based log in template that looks like a phone-app. Thanks for posting. Very interesting. Is there a particular attribution you would like? Thanks for the fix PaulOB! I really like the concept of flexbox, but with needing to support IE9, looking for a way to do that with a graceful fallback.

Total noob when it comes to flexbox, but I was wondering something. Great tutorial btw! Please post your code and link to it. Feel free to fork, re-post and question. When using the flex-shorthand in Safari 7 7. In order for Safari to wrap via flexbox -webkit-flex-basis must be auto which is Safaris default value.

Good article, I just shared on Twitter. Really like how you formatted it, the other articles on the flex box suck compared to yours. Alex: maybe a bit late, but this is my solution and it works pretty well.

The alignment you see is on the last but one line. I often use flexbox with margins and calc, so I might use something like:. To get around this, I use:. This takes account of the percentage difference in the margins.

Having just referenced this post for the th time in the last two months, I feel obligated to say that this thing is incredibly useful. In the event anybody is having issues getting it to work on firefox for the 2nd example tomato background. Put the flex items into their own container with no other element in them. Wow, this article is the coolest material about flexbox. Thank you for the tutorial. It looks like the ccentre might be the cause. Any ideas? I have stumbled upon this interesting StackOverflow question re justify-content: flex-start and margin: auto on a container.

Can tell the reader of this in advance. Chris, can you give us an example of what are small-scale layouts and large scale layouts? Thanks so much for the article!

I learned a ton. Are there any updates to that article coming down the pipeline? I would love to read the two in tandem and better be able to grasp in which situations each would be most appropriate.

Less code and it works even with old browsers. Try adding a background color to the. Using inline-block keeps you dependent on the browser default use of extra space left and right of inline li elements.

This rendering can be fixed by floating the li elements, but flexbox is a nicer modern way of achieving that effect.

I figured out that align-content is only for the cross axis. The reason was that certain page layouts that you see nowadays, were very difficult to implement with the old specification. Take for instance flexbox. Before it was very hard to make a dynamically scaling website.

One improvement was the introduction of the calc function that could use percentages and static units together, but even with that it was still hard to read code.

Flexbox was a great addition that is very easy to use once you read this article. Nobody is stopping you, but you deny yourself some awesome tools if you do. The same is true for any technology or even life in general, really. Without new features and new capabilities, we atrophy and fail to realize our full potential. I suspect that relatively few people want to settle for what we have now and just work with that.

It should probably be noted that the W3C documents recommendations, not requirements. After all, she already has TV, YouTube, and all the toys she needs at home :.

Just fyi, no reply needed. I much preferred the old layout for this article. Seeing the parent and child examples side by side meant it was easier to compare behaviours and to pick the right approach. I want to put a link on images wich are in a contener flexbox. Can somebody can give me an exemple about how to do? If you want help, you need to post your CSS code as well. I replaced the images with images from LoremPixel just to give me something to look at.

According to caniuse. So, is the above table wrong? Hi , I need to align all elements inside flex container to each other.

Suppose I have made two div of equal height using flex and now I want to make the all the elements inside the div to align to each each other. Is that possible? This is an excellent guide and I pretty much learned how to layout a page in about an hour using this. I cannot wait to test it out more and see how it all works in different scenarios. I am trying to replace a grid layout where I used display: table and table-cell to align content vertically with flexbox.

My problem with flexbox is, that I can not get a second child item to align vertically. What am I doing wrong here? Who ever wrote this article forgot to put information that flex-shrink if put to 0 prevents item to shrink and maintain its original size. This information could have saved me 4 hours of work. My boss says flexbox is stupid.

And we call it progress. This is an awesome post. It has helped me several times. I am having one issue that I cannot figure out. Would anyone be willing to comment on this Codepen? Thanks, Chris. Thank you for the information you have put together. This is just brilliant. One of the examples Numbered Tomato boxes that wrap uses webkit-flex-flow, instead of just flex-flow, so the example becomes specific to webkit only.

I have encountered a bug on firefox that does not allow elements to be flex containers. It took me AGES to find that out, so I wanna share this with other folks that might be going though the pain I have just experienced!

Should prefix code be inserted as a safeguard, OR is it deleterious to add vendor flex prefix code if said vendor has provided full flex compliance in more recent browser versions? You can get some useful insights and ones very specific to your site and users by installing Google Analytics.

With the statistics it gives you, you can see the browser breakdown of the people who come to your site. I think that would let you know how much of a need there really is for support for given browser versions. I just want to say thank you. It has been just so helpful. Great work. Much appreciated. Thank you. Great stuff in here, but I am obviously missing some basics from my end. If somebody can explain. I am about to achieve from a last example full page with all these elements.

ASIDE2 — purple part to be bellow. MAIN — blue part. Thank you, Igor. Thanks for this great tutorial! The CodePen examples took a little adjusting to work for me on Firefox I had to remove the -webkit prefix from -webkit-flex-flow on examples 1 and 2. Nice one, I have a question tho, with this new knowledge I wanted to try my skills on some kind of framework. But why do the two col-1 at the top not have the same width as the col-2? Is it possible to have a max-width on the container and then center that container?

I suppose If you consider that all your visitors will have a recent browser, you can use only flexbox. If some of them still use ie6 and you have to enable them to use your website, you have to propose another way to display…. Edit suggestion: In the flex-direction section, the visual examples do not match the order shown in the css code snippet. Since all the other sections match in order from what the visual example is with the code snippets, I was confused for a bit.

Sorry about missing html in my comment above. Seems flex wrap could be a bit more flexible, if it support indentation and hanging indentation, as for paragraphs. Use case: a bunch of thumbnails with dates underneath, one flexbox filled for each month, say.

Hi, great tutorial. Is it possible to use flex to make a perfect grid with some square boxes of side double than other square boxes. The grid is supposed to contain only two kind of boxes-small and big with side double to that of small box. So please try to anwer in easy words : I have taken the code from the Flexbox at the beginning of the website. So could someone please give me a code I am able to paste in my code? As far as now the code is:. Christian Hi, I am not a code pro, but even I could see, that your code is like scrambled eggs.

I think you should start a new with a clean HTML and keep it much simpler. Hey, I just wanted to say that this was my most-visited reference page of You display things that work.

Henry I think you can overwrite default setting or your setting of align-items by align-self: … ; on the flex item. Just found myself with this site open every day. Can not code proper flexbox designs without it. Thank you Chris! You make my life better! Greets from Germany. Thank you for the great work. The figures really make things much easier.

It would be even better if there is a real webpage example built with Flexbox, like a more complete version than the last example, so that we can see how Flexbox is used in real life. In the last example, what if we want to set the height on the wrapper?

Thanks for this! Will be using a lot more! Thanks for all of the great information, it really helped me to understand flexbox. I find that very confusing and would love some additional explanation. You must expand that section to see the content. Very interesting article. So right now I am trying to figure out where to get started and what technologies are safe to use. And what about CSS grid, safe for production with fallbacks?

That being said, why would I even bother creating the layout twice and bloat my code if fallbacks for layout are required? Been using this website for a while, always coming back when i need a refresher. So at those larger sizes, although the first-letter styles are still applied, the flex box gets rid of the styles. Why is this so? Thank you! That said, implementation of :first-letter and :first-line is rather painful in the layout engines, so even if the restriction is lifted in the spec, it might be awhile before anyone is willing to implement it.

Thank you so much for this. If sharing this post in other languages helps others then, by all means, please do. Just started to look at using flexbox as I update some educational materials I began 22 years ago yes html2! Been overwhelmed at the change from frames to div. But your site puts things in the language a non-programmer teacher can use to update to something other than frames.

Thanks for such a well done site. Now lets get my hands dirty and brain overloaded. My main frame page is 11 frames. Could you please explain flex-shrink a little better? How does it shrink an item? What do higher numbers mean relative to lower numbers? What happens if flex-shrink and flex-grow are both specified on the same element, or on 2 sibling elements? Andrew: Those two statements appear to contradict each other. So if the available width were px, instead of both being reduced by an even 50px, item1 would shrink by 75px to be px wide , and item2 by only 25px to be px wide.

Do I have that right? Btw, align-content property also has space-evenly value. I read this article few years ago, still relevant :. Why is it that when I resize the browser window displaying flexbox elements on this page, for example the page position after resizing is different than what I was looking at before? Is that something that can be fixed in flexbox? I was playing around with this on Codepen see this here thing and I noticed that I could achieve the same layout using either route.

It works within the media-queries as well — so whether there are 5, 4, 3, or 1 images in the first row, the last row looks fine. How does flex-grow and flex-shrink works? I am not clear. When I apply flex-grow to flex-items, flex-wrap is not respected. Hi, I enjoyed your tutorial. However, how do i make the flex boxes within the container different in size?

I understand flex-grow controls the size, but if I give 2 and 6 to container 1 and 2, the third container is disregards whatever flex-control gives it. What happens to justified text text-align style with line breaks inside a div or span flex container? Chris, 2 things related of course. Oops, I guess you can disregard the 2nd part of the preceding comment.

Still could add place-content to this article though. Why in case of px width the main element has 0px of flex-basis in. Why not leave it as default or set to auto? Hey Glen! The images are the most notable change style and better visuals of property behaviors but there are a few minor tweaks to account for updated specs, including links to those specs themselves.

Totally blew my mind! I leave this page open permanently. I did a restart and when I saw the page I did a triple-take. The examples all turned into cartoons! I thought I was tripping. I love it! Great article! Beautiful layout and colors. And I just love your Illustrator?

Thanks Chris, Awesome artical on flexbox. A nice and comprehensive article. I have a question, which is outside the scope of flexbox, and that is, how did you draw those diagrams in your article? Which software did you use to make these diagrams? Hey max! Great guide. Thank you for putting in the effort. Very well explained, very well designed. Unlike margin , this supports collapsing. I find it difficult to understand. MDN :. How do i set flex direction only for a certain number of the children, please note i cannot change html in this setup, only css!

I see the article has been updated. As it was a bit confusing once viewed in the CodePen — maybe even a link to obtain more information. Not even a mention of it. Since last few days I have been trying to use flexbox for a specific requirement I have. Most of the posts about flex-box assume that the child elements fit comfortably inside the flex-box container element, but in my case the child elements can potentially add up to a size larger than the flex-box.

So here is a example:. Descripton of issue: My. That is ok. So in cases when each one of the. But in my case, there are times when. So lets say when the. The values of space-between, space-around, space-evenly for justify-conten might work fine when the. Now I am sure there is a javascript way of doing this but I am wondering if you have a few css-tricks up your sleeves that will achieve this in a simple elegant css way. Also, there are many of these. Please explain one more time.

So, in the interest of total control, I still prefer to use the separate properties i. This page is great! I have no count for how many times I have returned to it.

Glad it shows up on top on Google search, so I can always find it. Brilliantly done to show the difference between the container and the items. Nice illustrations.

The only page needed when flexing CSS. Great note! I want to know, how to use flexbox to get the remaining whitespace to fillup with items. Suppose I have 10 images, and in a row, 3 items are shown, if the image sizes are not same, there are white spaces in each row.

How to solve that? Chris, Excellent article really. I started coding at once and got fantastic results. I only wish maybe asking too much I could download PDF files of all those great articles on the subject. In any case, I appreciate your effort.

Thanks, Chandy. I still run into flexbox issue all the time and I have yet to find a definitive guide. In particular I often want to make a full window UI for a single page app. I am building a site for an artist. Some of his work is horizontal and some is vertical. Please help if you can! Note that CSS columns have no effect on a flex container.

Trying to get to the bottom of this. What is says right now: — flex-start : items are packed toward the start of the flex-direction. What MDN says: — flex-start : The cross-start margin edges of the flex items are flushed with the cross-start edge of the line. This is a life-saver! Thanks so much. I would suggest to mention that in case of flex-direction: column , justify-content becomes the vertical aligner and align-content the horizontal.

Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Get the CSS-Tricks newsletter. Leave this field empty. Get the poster! Reference this guide a lot? Download for Free. Properties for the Parent flex container display This defines a flex container; inline or block depending on the given value.

The first item will have one unit of space against the container edge, but two units of space between the next item because that next item has its own spacing that applies. The difference between these is subtle, and is about respecting the flex-direction rules or the writing-mode rules. The difference again is subtle and is about respecting flex-direction rules vs. The more supported flex-start honors the flex-direction while start honors the writing-mode direction. The more support flex-end honors the flex-direction while end honors the writing-mode direction.

Properties for the Children flex items order By default, flex items are laid out in the source order. Please see the align-items explanation to understand the available values. CodePen Embed Fallback. Tim Van Damme. Julian Merkenich. Chris Coyier. Levin Mejia. Related properties Almanac on Jan 13, gap. Mojtaba Seyedi. Dennis Gaebel. Mohit Khare.

Geoff Graham. Article on Sep 26, Solved by Flexbox flexbox layout. Robin Rendle. Ahmad El-Alfy. Manuel Matuzovic. Brian Holt. Bill Webb. Permalink to comment April 8, Less javascript and more CSS. Great info, as always! Permalink to comment July 17, Lawrence Botha. Permalink to comment July 20, Permalink to comment July 23, Permalink to comment August 2, Permalink to comment August 24, Just use justify-content: space-between; More here.

Permalink to comment March 14, Permalink to comment April 3, Can you talk about what they mean by this? Josh McCullough. Permalink to comment July 6, Alan carpenter. Permalink to comment August 12, Andy Maleh.

Permalink to comment August 18, It would be mighty nice if they offer Flexbox row selectors for multi-row wrap flows. Hubert Hubendubel. Permalink to comment October 23, Hubert: Yes the 3 col layout needs this added. Permalink to comment January 12, Permalink to comment March 25, Permalink to comment April 26, Permalink to comment May 10, Permalink to comment September 9, Permalink to comment October 10, Sandeep Joel. Permalink to comment December 23, Jacob Dubail. Permalink to comment April 12,